Process of Cloning

Cloning Procedure

1- A body cell is collected from donor to be cloned. Then it is cultured.

2- An unfertilized egg is taken from another organism. Nucleus of the egg is removed. 

3- The nucleus from the donor cell and the egg cell without cytoplasm are fused together.

4- The new cell is developed in vitro then placed in surrogate mother.

Genetic Code (Circular)

Table of Genetic Code

Genetic Code of Aminoacids

The genetic code table shows triplet nucleotide codons and how the genetic information is translated into aminoacids. It consists of 64 triplets codons. Each codon codes only one type of aminoacid. Most of the aminoacids are coded by more than one codon. Three of the codons are stop codons. These are : UAA, UGA, UAG. When a ribosome recognizes a stop codon, protein synthesis stops. Also there is a start codon, AUG, coding Met. aminoacid. When smaller sub-unit of the ribosome recognizes this codon, protein synthesis starts.

Chromosome Shortening

Bacteriophage Lambda

Specialized Viral Transduction

Generalized Viral Transduction

Bacterial Transformation

Bacterial Genetic Recombinations

Replica Plating Diagram

E.Coli Chromosome Mapping

Specific Regions in a Plasmid

Regions of Chromosome 8

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Cloning Diagram

Lac Operon from E.Coli

Chemical Structure of DNA

Mendelian Inheritance

Philadelphia Chromosome

Chromosome Painting